National Championship
First Round (comprises newly promoted teams only)
Group A (at terrain de Diego-Suarez, Antsiranana)
Round 1
[Aug 8]
Tanamboa FC-PMU 4-1 AFOMA
PFOI 0-1 ECOREDIPHARM
[played later]
Aigles bt ASA
Round 2 [Aug 10]
PFOI 1-1 ASA
AFOMA 1-7 ECOREDIPHARM
Tanamboa FC-PMU 1-1 Aigles
Round 3 [Aug 12]
ECOREDIPHARM 3-0 Aigles
PFOI 2-2 AFOMA
Tanamboa FC-PMU 1-0 ASA
Round 4 [Aug 15]
PFOI 1-1 Tanamboa FC-PMU
ASA 1-6 ECOREDIPHARM
AFOMA 2-2 Aigles
Round 5 [Aug 17]
ASA 2-3 AFOMA
PFOI 1-1 Aigles
Tanamboa FC-PMU 0-0 ECOREDIPHARM
Table:
1.ECOREDIPHARM (Tamatave) 5 4 1 0 17- 2 13
2.Tanamboa FC-PMU (Antananarivo) 5 2 3 0 7- 3 9
3.Aigles (Sakaraha) 5 1 3 1 4- 7 6 [*]
4.EE AFOMA (Ambositra) 5 1 2 2 9-17 5
5.Pêche et Froid de l'Océan Indien (Diégo) 5 0 4 1 5- 6 4
6.ASA (Marovoay) 5 0 1 4 4-11 1 [*]
[*] w/o goals Aigles vs ASA (rd 1)
Group B (at stade Alexandre Rabemananjara de Majunga, Mahajanga)
Round 2 [Aug 9]
Requins 0-5 JIRAMA Antsirabe
Lazan’Antalaha bye
JIRAMA Majunga 0-0 Lions Transfoot
Round 1 [Aug 11]
Lions Transfoot bye
JIRAMA Majunga 0-1 JIRAMA Antsirabe
Lazan’Antalaha ppd Requins
Roudn 3 [Aug 13]
JIRAMA Majunga bye
Lazan’Antalaha 1-1 JIRAMA Antsirabe
Lions Transfoot 2-0 Requins
Round 4 [Aug 15]
Lazan’Antalaha - Lions Transfoot
JIRAMA Majunga - Requins
JIRAMA Antsirabe bye
Round 5 [Aug 17]
Requins bye
JIRAMA Majunga - Lazan’Antalaha
JIRAMA Antsirabe - Lions Transfoot
Table:
1.FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe) 3 2 1 0 7- 1 7
2.Lions de Transfoot (Brickaville-Tamatave) 2 1 1 0 2- 0 4
3.Lazan'Antalaha 1 0 1 0 1- 1 1
4.FC JIRAMA (Mahajanga) 2 0 1 1 0- 1 1
5.Requins de Mahavatse (Toliara) 2 0 0 2 0- 7 0
-.Akon'Ambatomena (Fianarantsoa) withdrew for financial reasons
NB: eventually, the only eliminated team were Requins
Start: Aug 8
Top-4 of both groups qualify for Second Round
byes to second round (first division teams 2002):
AS ADEMA (Antananarivo)
Domoina Soavina d’Atsimondrano
Stade Olympique de l'Emyrne (Antananarivo)
USA (Ambohidratrimo)
AS Fortior (Toamasina)
Varatraza (Antsohihy)
AS JIRAMA (Fianarantsoa)
FCO (Mahajanga)
Qualified:
ECOREDIPHARM (Tamatave)
Tanamboa FC-PMU (Antananarivo)
Aigles (Sakaraha)
EE AFOMA (Ambositra)
FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe)
Lions de Transfoot (Brickaville-Tamatave)
Lazan'Antalaha
FC JIRAMA (Mahajanga)
Second Round
to be played in 4 groups of 4; top-3 of each qualify to Third Round
Group A (at Antsirabe)
Round 1 [Sep 14]
Varatraza 0-0 FC Jirama
AS Adema 4-0 Aigles de Sakaraha
Round 2 [Sep 18]
Varatraza 0-1 Aigles de Sakaraha
AS Adema 2-0 FC Jirama
Round 3 [Sep 21]
FC Jirama 2-2 Aigles de Sakaraha
AS Adema 2-0 Varatraza
1.AS ADEMA (Antananarivo) 3 3 0 0 8- 0 9 Qualified
2.Aigles (Sakaraha) 3 1 1 1 3- 6 4 Qualified
3.FC JIRAMA (Mahajanga) 3 0 2 1 2- 4 2 Qualified
4.Varatraza (Antsohihy) 3 0 1 2 0- 3 1
Group B (at Fianarantsoa)
Round 1 [Sep 14]
EE Afoma 1-0 AS Fortior
FC Jirama 1-3 DSA
Round 2 [Sep 18]
AS Fortior 0-0 FC Jirama
DSA 0-0 EE Afoma
Round 3 [Sep 21]
FC Jirama 4-1 EE Afoma
DSA 0-1 AS Fortior
1.FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe) 3 1 1 1 5- 4 4 Qualified
2.Domoina Soavina d’Atsimondrano 3 1 1 1 3- 2 4 Qualified
3.AS Fortior (Toamasina) 3 1 1 1 1- 1 4 Qualified
4.EE AFOMA (Ambositra) 3 1 1 1 2- 4 4
Group C (at Toamasina)
Round 1 [Sep 13]
Ecoredipharm 1-0 AS Jirama
Lions Transfoot 1-2 SOE
Round 2 [Sep 19]
Lions Transfoot 1-0 Ecoredipharm
SOE drw AS Jirama
Round 3 [Sep 21]
AS Jirama 2-1 Lions Transfoot
SOE 0-0 Ecoredipharm
1.Stade Olympique de l'Emyrne (Antananarivo) 3 1 2 0 2- 1 5 [*] Qualified
2.AS JIRAMA (Fianarantsoa) 3 1 1 1 2- 2 4 [*] Qualified
3.ECOREDIPHARM (Tamatave) 3 1 1 1 1- 1 4 Qualified
4.Lions de Transfoot (Brickaville-Tamatave) 3 1 0 2 3- 4 3
[*] w/o goals rd 2
Group D (at Toamasina)
Round 1 [Sep 14]
Lazan'Antalaha 1-1 FCO
USA 1-0 Tanamboa FC-PMU
Round 2 [Sep 17]
Tanamboa FC-PMU 0-1 Lazan'Antalaha
USA 1-1 FCO
Round 3 [Sep 20]
Tanamboa FC-PMU 2-1 FCO
USA 2-0 Lazan'Antalaha
1.USA (Ambohidratrimo) 3 2 1 0 4- 1 7 Qualified
2.Lazan'Antalaha 3 1 1 1 2- 3 4 Qualified
3.Tanamboa FC-PMU (Antananarivo) 3 1 0 2 2- 3 3 Qualified
4.FCO (Mahajanga) 3 0 2 1 3- 4 2
Third Round [Oct 25-Nov 2]
Group A (at Toamasina)
Round 1 [Oct 25]
SOE n/p Lazan'Antalaha [Lazan'Antalaha dns]
FC Jirama M 0-1 AS Adema
AS Jirama F 0-0 FC Jirama A
Round 2 [Oct 27]
AS Jirama F n/p Lazan'Antalaha [Lazan'Antalaha dns]
FC Jirama A 1-0 FC Jirama M
SOE 2-0 AS Adema
Round 3 [Oct 29]
FC Jirama A 3-2 SOE
FC Jirama M 0-2 AS Jirama F
AS Adema n/p Lazan'Antalaha [Lazan'Antalaha dns]
Round 4 [Oct 31]
SOE - FC Jirama M
AS Jirama F - AS Adema
FC Jirama A n/p Lazan'Antalaha [Lazan'Antalaha dns]
Round 5 [Nov 2]
AS Jirama F - SOE
AS Adema - FC Jirama A
FC Jirama M n/p Lazan'Antalaha [Lazan'Antalaha dns]
1.FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe) 3 2 1 0 4- 2 8
2.AS JIRAMA (Fianarantsoa) 2 1 1 0 2- 0 4
3.Stade Olympique de l'Emyrne (Antananarivo) 2 1 0 1 4- 3 3
4.AS ADEMA (Antananarivo) 2 1 0 1 1- 2 3
5.FC JIRAMA (Mahajanga) 3 0 0 3 0- 4 0
-.Lazan'Antalaha withdrew
NB: FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe) and SOE qualified
Group B (at Fianarantsoa)
Round 1 [Oct 25]
DSA awd Aigles [Aigles dns]
Ecoredipharm 0-1 AS Fortior
USA 1-0 Tanamboa FC-PMU
Round 2 [Oct 27]
USA 3-1 Aigles
Tanamboa FC-PMU 0-3 Ecoredipharm
AS Fortior 0-0 DSA
Round 3 [Oct 29]
Ecoredipharm 1-0 USA
DSA 0-0 Tanamboa FC-PMU
Aigles 1-0 AS Fortior
Round 4 [Oct 31]
USA - DSA
Aigles - Ecoredipharm
AS Fortior - Tanamboa FC-PMU
Round 5 [Nov 2]
Aigles - Tanamboa FC-PMU
AS Fortior - USA
Ecoredipharm - DSA
1.ECOREDIPHARM (Tamatave) 3 2 0 1 4- 1 6
2.USA (Ambohidratrimo) 3 2 0 1 4- 2 6
3.Domoina Soavina d’Atsimondrano 3 1 2 0 0- 0 5 [*]
4.AS Fortior (Toamasina) 3 1 1 1 1- 1 4
5.Aigles (Sakaraha) 3 1 0 2 2- 3 3 [*]
6.Tanamboa FC-PMU (Antananarivo) 3 0 1 2 0- 4 1
NB: ECOREDIPHARM and AS Fortior (Toamasina) qualified, TFC-PMU finished 5th
[*] w/o goals awarded match round 1
NB: top-2 of each group qualify for semifinals
Semifinals
[Nov 30, Toamasina]
Ecoredipharm 1-1 FC Jirama Antsirabe [aet, 8-7 pen}
[Dec 3, Alarobia]
SOE 2-1 AS Fortior
Final [Dec 7]
SOE 0-1 Ecoredipharm [aet]
[Carlos Rakotozafy 119]
[Ecoredipharm: Kandy Rambelomasina - Christian Randriaharinaivo,
François Lambo, Aina Razanatsima, Alain Be - Saïd Théodoret,
Carlos Rakotozafy, Marius Maharesy, Occlin Rafenoarinosy -
Léonard Baraka, Charly Andrison, Jean Vita Ramida, Alexis Masinjana,
Letovona Rainibezaha, Basile Andriambao, Serge Raisina;
coach: Gabriel Dimilahy]
NB: in 2004, the clubs will return to their local (regional)
championships.
Regional Championship of Antanarivo [aka Tana League]
Division 1 (apparently renamed D2 during the season)
To be played in Mahamasina, Betongolo, Antsirabe and Betafo.
NB: 6 clubs have left for the national league and will apparently not
participate in the regional one:
AS Adema
US Ambohidratrimo (USA)
Domoina Soavina Atsimondrano (DSA)
Stade Olympique de l'Emyrne (SOE)
Tanambao FC
FC JIRAMA (Antsirabe)
Final Table:
1.AS Institut Pasteur 13 7 5 1 15- 4 26 [*1] (ASIP)
2.FC CEM 13 8 1 4 19-11 25 [*1] [+] [=]
3.COSFA 13 6 4 3 16- 9 22 [*3]
4.USJF 13 7 1 5 14-15 22 [*2] [=]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5.Tiko FC d’Antsirabe 13 6 3 4 18- 8 21 [*2] [+]
6.COSRM 1 Manjakandriana 13 6 2 5 6-17 20 [*3] [+]
7.FC Elatr'i Betafo 13 5 4 4 12- 9 19 [*1]
8.AS Saint Michel 13 5 2 6 12-12 17 [*1]
9.USCA Foot 13 5 2 6 14-15 17 [*2]
10.COSPN 13 4 4 5 13-12 16 [*3]
11.ESJA 13 4 3 6 13-17 15 [*3] [=]
12.BOCA Junior 13 4 2 7 16-18 14 [*3] [=]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13.Fortior Club 2A 13 2 4 7 7-16 10 [*3] [=]
14.Sporting Club Somacou 13 2 3 8 12-24 9 [*4] [+]
NB: top-4 qualify for play-offs
[+] newly promoted
[*i] missing goals of i matches
[=] BOCA Junior = Buffalo Olympique Club d'Avaradrano; a merger of Atamob
and Baoka Junior Avaradrano
FC CEM = FC Caisse d'Epargne de Madagascar
ESJA = Entente Sportive des Jeunes Antsirabéens; a merger of Union
Sportive Antsirabe and FC JEM
Fortior Club 2A = FC 2A = Fortior Club Antananarivo-Atsimondrano
USJF = Union Sportive des Jeunes Foot-balleurs; moved to Ravinala
Round 1 [Mar 30]
COSPN 1-2 Elatr'i
USCA Foot 2-1 FC 2A
COSFA 4-1 USJF
BOCA Junior 2-2 SC Somacou
CEM 0-1 St. Michel
ESJA 3-0 COSRM 1
Tiko FC 0-2 ASIP
Round 2 [Apr 6]
ASIP 3-0 SC Somacou
FC CEM 2-1 Tiko FC
USCA Foot 2-1 COSPN
COSRM 1 2-1 USJF
COSFA drw FC 2A
ESJA bt BOCA Junior
Elatr'i 0-1 St Michel
Round 3
[Apr 12]
FC CEM 2-1 SC Somacou
COSPN lt FC 2A
[Apr 13]
BOCA Junior lt USJF
COSRM 1 0-4 COSFA
ASIP 2-0 ESJA
USCA Foot 2-0 St Michel
Tiko FC 2-0 Elatr'i
Round 4 [Apr 19,20]
USJF 0-1 ASIP
Tiko FC 3-0 USCA Foot
COSFA 2-3 BOCA Junior
ESJA 0-2 FC CEM
St Michel 1-1 COSPN
FC 2A 1-1 COSRM 1
SC Somacou 0-2 Elatr'i
Round 5 [May 4]
USJF 1-1 FC 2A
FC CEM 0-0 ASIP
SC Somacou 0-4 St Michel
USCA Foot 0-1 Elatr'i
BOCA Junior 2-0 COSRM 1
Tiko FC 1-1 COSPN
ESJA drw COSFA
Round 6 [May 10,11]
FC CEM 4-2 BOCA Junior
ASIP 1-0 COSRM 1
St Michel 0-1 Tiko FC
USCA Foot 4-2 USJF
Elatr'i 2-0 COSFA
SC Somacou 1-0 FC2A
COSPN 2-1 ESJA
Round 7 [May 17,18]
ASIP 0-0 St Michel
SC Somacou drw COSRM 1
COSFA 1-1 COSPN
FC CEM 1-0 USCA Foot
Tiko FC 6-1 BOCA Junior
ESJA 0-1 USJF
Elatr'i 0-0 FC2A
Round 8 [May 25]
USCA Foot 2-2 ASIP
COSFA 0-0 Tiko
BOCA Junior 1-2 FC2A
CEM 1-2 USJF
Somacou 1-4 COSPN
COSRM 1 1-0 St Michel
Elatr'i 1-1 ESJA
Round 9 [Jun 1]
St Michel 3-1 FC2A
USJF 2-1 Somacou
COSRM 1 1-0 COSPN
ASIP 0-2 COSFA
USCA Foot 0-2 BOCA Junior
ESJA 1-2 Tiko
Elatr'i 2-1 CEM
Round 10
[Jun 22]
ESJA 2-1 FC2A
Tiko 0-0 Somacou
Elatr'i 0-0 ASIP
[Jul 6]
USJF 2-0 St Michel
BOCA Junior 2-0 COSPN
USCA Foot 0-1 COSFA
CEM 5-0 COSRM 1
Round 11 postponed [Aug 2,3?] [inferred]
FC2A lt CEM
USJF bt Tiko
St Michel bt BOCA Junior
ASIP drw COSPN
Somacou lt COSFA
ESJA drw USCA Foot
COSRM 1 bt Elatr'i
Round 12 [Jul 26,27]
CEM 1-0 COSFA
ASIP 3-0 FC2A
Elatr'i 1-1 BOCA Junior
Tiko 0-1 COSRM 1
USCA Foot 2-1 Somacou
ESJA 2-1 St Michel
COSPN bt USJF [inferred]
Round 13 [Aug 9,10]
ASIP 1-0 BOCA Junior
CEM 0-2 COSPN
COSFA 2-1 St Michel
USJF 2-1 Elatr'i
Tiko 2-0 FC2A
Somacou 5-3 ESJA
COSRM 1 bt USCA Foot
Final Table:
1.AS Institut Pasteur 13 7 5 1 15- 4 26 [*1] (ASIP)
2.FC CEM 13 8 1 4 19-11 25 [*1] [+] [=]
3.COSFA 13 6 4 3 16- 9 22 [*3]
4.USJF 13 7 1 5 14-15 22 [*2] [=]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5.Tiko FC d’Antsirabe 13 6 3 4 18- 8 21 [*2] [+]
6.COSRM 1 Manjakandriana 13 6 2 5 6-17 20 [*3] [+]
7.FC Elatr'i Betafo 13 5 4 4 12- 9 19 [*1]
8.AS Saint Michel 13 5 2 6 12-12 17 [*1]
9.USCA Foot 13 5 2 6 14-15 17 [*2]
10.COSPN 13 4 4 5 13-12 16 [*3]
11.ESJA 13 4 3 6 13-17 15 [*3] [=]
12.BOCA Junior 13 4 2 7 16-18 14 [*3] [=]
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
13.Fortior Club 2A 13 2 4 7 7-16 10 [*3] [=]
14.Sporting Club Somacou 13 2 3 8 12-24 9 [*4] [+]
NB: top-4 qualify for play-offs
[+] newly promoted
[*i] missing goals of i matches
[=] BOCA Junior = Buffalo Olympique Club d'Avaradrano; a merger of Atamob
and Baoka Junior Avaradrano
FC CEM = FC Caisse d'Epargne de Madagascar
ESJA = Entente Sportive des Jeunes Antsirabéens; a merger of Union
Sportive Antsirabe and FC JEM
Fortior Club 2A = FC 2A = Fortior Club Antananarivo-Atsimondrano
USJF = Union Sportive des Jeunes Foot-balleurs; moved to Ravinala
Semifinals [Nov 2]
USJF awd ASIP [USJF dns]
COSFA 1-0 FC CEM
NB: the FMF (national federation) has ordered the Tana league to annul
the semi-final results and have them replayed, citing a training
camp for the national team ahead of a qualifying match against Benin;
the Tana League considers that if the national championship matches
(above) could go ahead in Fianarantsoa and Toamasina there was no
reason not to play in Antananarivo; ASIP showed up for their semi-final
in spite of having two of their players in the national team training
camp. Eventually the semifinal results were homologated.
Final [Dec 21, stade d'Alarobia]
ASIP 1-0 COSFA
[Rija 50pen]
NB: for 2004, Stade Olympique de l'Emyrne, Domoina Soavina Atsimondrano,
AS Adema, US Ambohidratrimo, Tanamboa FC-PMU and Jirama d'Antsirabe
will return to the regional league of Antananarivo, which will contain
22 clubs and start Mar 6, 2004; matches will be played at the venues
Mahamasina, Alarobia, Antanifotsy, Ambano, Mandaniresaka, Betafo,
Betambatra and Ambohimifangitra
Relegation Playoff [Feb 2004]
FC2A bt Somacou
Antananarivo Division 2
Semifinals
[Dec 20]
FC Casino de Tana 0-0 FC Diamant Atsimondrano [4-3 pen]
[Dec 21]
FC Antsaniony 4-3 FC Béton Tiko Antsirabe
Final [Dec 28]
FC Antsaniony 1-1 FC Casino de Tana [aet]
NB: Casino de Tana awarded championship, unclear how tie was resolved
NB: both finalists promoted; in addition FC Diamant Atsimandrano were
promoted, possibly after winning a 3rd place match against FC Béton
Madagascar Cup Tournaments 2003
Tournoi de l'Est (Toamasina)
pre-season tournament organised by AS Fortior (Toamasina)
Round 1 [Jan 19]
AS Adema 2-0 FIFAFIFI
AS Fortior 0-0 US Transfoot
Round 2 [Jan 23]
FIFAFIFI - AS Fortior
US Transfoot - AS Adema
Tournoi Ntsoa à l'Ans
[May 18]
ASSUT - USA
FC BFV - SOE
Coupe de Tana (Coupe Open)
1/16 Finals [Aug 2,3]
USCAFOOT 1-2 FC2A
FC Tiko drw COSPN [Tiko on pen]
BOCA Junior 1-1 COSROM 1 [4-5 pen]
Somacao 1-3 ASSAM
CEM 2-1 Varatra
Antsirabe II 0-1 RT Soavinandriana
Heami 2-1 SOAMEVA
Casino 4-1 Tasmania
Diamant 4-1 Apost
FC JIRAMA 2-1 Institut Pasteur [asdet]
COSFA 2-1 Tanamboa FC-PMU [asdet]
NB: ASSAM = Association Sportive Andranonahoatra Milalao
CEM = Caisse d'Epargne de Madagascar
1/8 Finals?
[Aug]
AS Adema 2-1 Garnison de Betongolo
DSA 2-0 FC Casino
SOE 0-0 FC Tiko [asdet, 4-2 pen]
FC 105 Mahitsy 1-0 AS St Michel [asdet]
USA qualified by a walkover
ASSAM lt CEM
COSRM 1 0-0 FC2A [asdet, 5-4 pen]
[Sep 7]
FC JIRAMA 0-1 COSFA [asdet]
Quarterfinals
[Sep 7]
DSA 2-0 FC 105 de Mahitsy
COSRM 1 0-4 AS Adema
NB: due to time constraints, the regional cup was not finished
in time to determine the entrants of the national cup;
therefore play-offs were organised between second level teams
who had reached the quarter-finals and first level teams who
would have been entitles to a place in the 1/16 finals of the
national cup.
National Cup Playoffs [Sep 14]
USJF Ravinala 5-0 FC 105 de Mahitsy
COSFA 1-1 CEM [asdet, COSFA on pen]
NB: the COSFA-CEM match presumably also served as quarter-final;
USJF Ravinala apparently eliminated USA in a separate tie.
Semifinals [Dec 14]
DSA abd USJF Ravinala [abandoned at 0-0 at half-time
COSFA 0-1 AS Adema due to heavy rain]
Coupe de Madagascar 2003
Antananarivo representants: USJF Ravinala, COSFA
Round 1
[Sep 28]
AS Adema 4-0 FC Fanany
COSFA 2-0 US Transfoot
[date?]
AS Jirama Fian. 1-0 Diables Jaunes de Maintirano
1/8 Finals
[Oct 5]
DSA 0-0 AS Fortior [asdet, 3-4 pen]
AS Jirama Fian. 1-2 Tanamboa FC PMU [asdet]
COSFA 0-0 Ecoredipharm [asdet, 5-4 pen]
Herin'i Sambava 1-0 Pfoi Antsiranana
USJF 3-0 Akon'Ambatomena
SOE 2-1 Espoir Ambovombe
AS CUR Toliara 5-0 UASC Fianarantsoa
[Oct 6]
AS Adema 1-2 Léopards Transfoot
Quarterfinals [Oct 19]
Herin'i Sambava 3-2 USJF Ravinala [at Toamasina]
AS Fortior 1-2 Léopards Transfoot [a1het (silver goal); at Toamasina]
Tanamboa FC PMU 2-1 COSFA [at Tsiroanomandidy]
SOE 2-1 AS CUR Toliara [at Antsirabe]
Semifinals [Nov 22]
Herin'i Sambava 0-1 Léopards Transfoot [at Fianaransoa]
SOE 2-1 Tanamboa FC PMU [at Alarobia]
Final [Nov 30]
SOE 0-1 Léopards Transfoot
[Julien (1st half)]
Super Coupe de Madagascar 2003
Final [Dec 21]
Ecoredipharm 2-0 Léopards Transfoot
[Fahidany 70, Kiro 90]
Prepared and maintained by Hans Schöggl for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Author: Hans Schöggl
(hans.schoeggl@sbg.ac.at)
Last updated: 3 Mar 2004
(C) Copyright Hans Schöggl and RSSSF 2003/04
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper
acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.