Gambia 2009

GFA League First Division
=========================

NB: All teams are from Banjul Division of Gambia, except Brikama 
    and Tallinding on Western division.

Team                       City                Founded
Armed Forces FC            Banjul 
Banjul Hawks FC            Banjul              1974
GAMTEL FC                  Banjul 
Real de Banjul FC (1)      Banjul              1967
Wallidan FC                Banjul 
Bakau United FC            Bakau               1996
Sait Matty FC              Bakau 
Steve Biko FC              Bakau               1978
Sea View FC                Fajara-Bakau 
Samger FC                  Kanifing
Brikama United             Brikama
Tallinding United          Tallinding Kunjang

NB: (1) formerly Benson and Hedges.

Final Table:

 1.Armed Forces             22  13  5  4  25-10  44  Champions
 2.Steve Biko               22   9  6  7  21-17  33
 3.Wallidan                 22   8  9  5  20-16  33
 4.Bakau United             22   7 10  5  22-16  31
 5.Hawks                    22   8  7  7  17-13  31
 6.GAMTEL                   22   8  7  7  17-16  31
 7.Samger                   22   8  7  7  16-17  31  [1]
 8.Real de Banjul           22   7  8  7  17-20  29
 9.Sea View                 22   7  5 10  17-20  26
10.Brikama United           22   6  8  8  25-29  26
---------------------------------------------------
11.Africell                 22   5  7 10  14-26  22  [2]  Relegated
12.Tallinding United        22   4  5 13  17-28  17  Relegated

[1] Samger aka Cherno Samba Academy
[2] on Apr 8 Africell-Sait Matty FC changed name to Africell FC

Round 1
[Feb 20]
Armed Forces      0-1 Sea View
  [Pa Modou Ngum 67]
Bakau United      0-0 Samger
[Feb 21]
Hawks             1-0 Tallinding United
  [Mohamed Sanyang 20]
Gamtel            1-0 Real
  [Assan Ceesay 89]
[Feb 22]
Brikama United    1-0 Sait Matty
  [Ebou Cole 58]
Wallidan          1-1 Steve Biko
  [Momodou Lamin Sillah (pen) 1-0; Alpha Omar Jallow 1-1]

Round 2
[Feb 25]
Gamtel            0-0 Hawks
Real              0-0 Sait Matty
Samger            1-0 Armed Forces
  [Lamin Samateh 36]
Bakau United      1-0 Steve Biko
  [Amadou Baldeh 87]
[Feb 26]
Brikama United    1-1 Sea View 
  [? ~90; Mamat Saine 0-1]
Wallidan          0-0 Tallinding United

Round 3
[Feb 28]
Real              0-2 Samger
  [Lamin Samateh 7, Abdul Azziz Mendy 75]
Tallinding United 4-2 Gamtel 
  [Edrissa Jarju 1-0, Kawsu Sawaneh 2-1, Amadou Gibba 3-1,
   David Gomez 4-2; Alagie Amadou Ngum (pen) 1-1, Youba Manneh (og) 3-2]
Sait Matty        0-2 Sea View
  [Mamat Saine 9, Pa Modou Ngum 60]
[Mar 1]
Armed Forces      1-0 Hawks
  [Buba Sama 23]
Wallidan          1-3 Bakau United
  [Sainey Touray 1; Ebrima Camara 15, Pa Amadou Gai 36, 73] 
Brikama United    1-2 Steve Biko
  [Alagie Bah 10; Modou Jatta ~30, Assan Jatta 75]

Round 4
[Mar 4]
Bakau United      1-1 Sea View 
  [Pa Amadou Gai 54; Pa Modou Ngum 42]
Real              1-2 Hawks
  [Alasana Jarra 75; Lamin Sarr 1, 14]
Sait Matty        2-0 Steve Biko
  [Domingo Manneh 17, Yaya Bajo 27]
[Mar 5]
Gamtel            1-0 Wallidan
  [Lamin Fofana 28]
Tallinding United 1-3 Armed Forces
  [Sainey Gibba 90+pen; Landing Darboe 2pen, Buba Sama 14,
   Modou Gaye 84]
Samger            0-2 Brikama United
  [Alagie Bah 30, Modou Sowe 47]

Round 5
[Mar 7]
Sait Matty        1-0 Hawks     
  [Omar Bojang]         
Real              2-1 Tallinding United   
  [Edrissa Jarra 9pen, Mbemba Daddy Colley 75; Bakary Njie 56]
Brikama United    1-3 Bakau United
  [Ebou Kanteh 83; Ebrima Camara 32, 54, 75]
[Mar 8]
Armed Forces      0-0 Wallidan
Gamtel            0-0 Samger            
Steve Biko        0-0 Sea View           

Round 6
[Mar 11]
Sait Matty        2-2 Tallinding United
  [Habibu Koroma 50, Keluntang Kanyi 58; Sainey Gibba 5, David Gomez 66]
Real              0-0 Wallidan  
Brikama United    1-0 Hawks    
  [Modou Ndow 18]        
[Mar 12] 
Steve Biko        1-0 Gamtel
  [Baboucarr Jatta 82]
Samger            1-1 Sea View 
  [Haruna Jammeh 1-1; ? 0-1]
Bakau United      1-2 Armed Forces
  [Daddy Gai 16; Lamin Colley 36, Buba Sama 42]

Round 7
[Mar 14]
Bakau United      1-2 Real  
  [Daddy Gai 38; Dubai Gaye 30, Pa Landing Conateh 44]
Brikama United    1-3 Wallidan  
  [Ebou Cole 82; Sainey Touray 2, Isaha Dem 90, George Cole 90+]
[Mar 15]
Hawks             1-1 Samger
Armed Forces      1-0 Sait Matty
  [Landing Darboe 46pen] 
Tallinding United 0-2 Steve Biko
Sea View          0-1 Gamtel

Round 8
[Mar 18]
Hawks             0-1 Steve Biko  
  [Assan Jatta 58]       
Samger            1-2 Wallidan    
  [Lamin Samateh 1-2; George Cole 0-1, 0-2]      
Gamtel            1-1 Sait Matty
  [Lamin Fofana 64; Dimingo Manneh 50]
Sea View          0-1 Real              
[Mar 19]
Tallinding United 0-0 Bakau United
Brikama United    0-2 Armed Forces
  [Landing Darboe 39pen, Sunny Iyeleh 84]

Round 9
[Mar 21]
Wallidan          3-0 Sait Matty         
Steve Biko        1-2 Armed Forces  
  [Eliman Manneh 1-2; Landing Darboe (pen) 0-1, Babu Sama 0-2]
Sea View          0-2 Hawks
  [Bakary Sambou 62pen, Ebrima Njie 76]
[Mar 22]
Brikama United    1-0 Real   
  [Ebou Cole 90+]         
Tallinding United 1-0 Samger
Gamtel            0-0 Bakau United  

Round 10
[Mar 25]
Armed Forces      0-0 Gamtel            
Bakau United      0-0 Hawks 
Brikama United    2-2 Tallinding United  
Wallidan          0-1 Sea View          
  [Lamin Sanyang 45]
[Mar 26]
Steve Biko        0-1 Real        
  [Abdoulie Sanyang 52] 
Sait Matty        1-2 Samger
  [? 1-1; Madi Camara (pen) 0-1, Lamin Samateh 90]

Round 11
[Mar 28]
Gamtel            0-0 Brikama United    
Hawks             0-1 Wallidan
  [Sainey Touray]
[Mar 29]
Real              0-1 Armed Forces
  [Modou Gaye]
Sait Matty        0-5 Bakau United
  [Pa Amadou Gai (4), ?]
[Mar 30]
Samger            0-0 Steve Biko
Sea View          3-1 Tallinding United
  [John Gomez  40, 46, 80; ? 45]

Round 12
[Apr 17]
Hawks             2-2 Brikama United
[Apr 18]
Tallinding United 0-1 Africell          [appeal Tallinding on supposedly
Wallidan          1-1 Real               ineligible player Africell]
[Apr 19]
Gamtel            1-0 Steve Biko
  [Kaba Jobe 61]
Sea View          0-1 Samger
  [Lamin Samateh 54]
Armed Forces      2-0 Bakau United
  [Landing Darboe (2)]

Round 13
[Apr 22]
Real              1-0 Bakau United
  [Dabai Gaye]
Wallidan          1-1 Brikama United
Africell          0-0 Armed Forces
Steve Biko        1-0 Tallinding United
  [Alasana Camara 79]
[Apr 23]
Samger            0-0 Hawks
Gamtel            0-1 Sea View
  [Pa Modou Ngum 10pen]

Round 14
[Apr 25]
Bakau United      1-0 Tallinding United
Armed Forces      1-1 Brikama United
[Apr 26]
Steve Biko        0-1 Hawks
Africell          1-2 Gamtel
Real              0-0 Sea View
[May 28]
Wallidan          1-0 Samger

Round 15
[Apr 29]
Africell          0-0 Wallidan
Hawks             0-1 Sea View
Samger            2-0 Tallinding United
  [Buba Jallow 22, Lamin Samateh 2-0]
[Apr 30]
Real              2-2 Brikama United   
Bakau United      0-0 Gamtel           
[May 28]
Armed Forces      0-0 Steve Biko

Round 16
[May 2]
Sea View          0-1 Wallidan
  [Ebrima Sonko 43]
Samger            1-0 Africell
  [Lamin Samateh 60]
[May 3]
Gamtel            0-1 Armed Forces
  [Alhagie Bambo Fofana 4]
Hawks             0-0 Bakau United      
Tallinding United 1-1 Brikama United
Real              0-0 Steve Biko

Round 17
[May 6]
Brikama United    1-3 Gamtel             
  [Modou Jallow 25; Kabba Jobe 16, 20, 90+]
Wallidan          1-1 Hawks
  [Sainey Touray 75; Omar Sarr 10]
Bakau United      0-0 Africell
Steve Biko        0-1 Samger
  [Haruna Jammeh 21]
[May 7]
Armed Forces      3-0 Real
  [Alagie Fofana 26, Buba Sama ~50, Fatajo 77]
Tallinding United 2-0 Sea View

Round 18
[May 9]
Samger            0-1 Bakau United
Africell          1-0 Brikama United
Steve Biko        3-1 Wallidan
  [Alasan Camara 7, 3-1, Assan Jatta 52; Sainey Touray 22]
[May 10]
Sea View          0-2 Armed Forces
  [Babou Sama (2)]
Tallinding United 1-0 Hawks
Real              2-1 Gamtel
  [Ebrima Bojang, Dabai Gaye; ?]

Round 19
[May 13]
Hawks             3-0 Gamtel
  [Dawda Ceesay 47, Omar Sarr 50, Abdoulie Jeng 59]
Africell          1-1 Real
  [Yankuba Jammeh 7; Edrissa Jarra 85]
Armed Forces      1-2 Samger
  [Buba Sama 36; Ousman Jallow 18, Ebrima Jaiteh 1-2]
Steve Biko        1-1 Bakau United
  [Assan Jatta 76; Alieu Joof 9]
[May 14]
Sea View          1-2 Brikama United
  [Mamat Saine 1-1; Ousman Touray 0-1, Buba Faye 90+]
Tallinding United 0-1 Wallidan
  [Sainey Touray]

Round 20
[May 16]
Samger            1-1 Real
  [Lamin Samateh 14; Dabai Gaye 56]
[May 17]
Gamtel            1-0 Tallinding United
Sea View          0-1 Africell
Bakau United      1-1 Wallidan
Steve Biko        2-1 Brikama United
[Jun 4]
Hawks             2-1 Armed Forces

Round 21
[May 20]
Sea View          3-1 Bakau United
Hawks             1-0 Real
Steve Biko        4-2 Africell
Wallidan          1-0 Gamtel
[May 21]
Armed Forces      1-0 Tallinding United
  [Modou Gaye 24]
Brikama United    2-0 Samger
  [Modou Jallo (2, 2 pen)]

Round 22
[May 23]
Hawks             1-0 Africell
  [Alieu Jagne 71]
Tallinding United 1-2 Real
Samger            0-3 Gamtel
Bakau United      2-1 Brikama United
[May 24]
Wallidan          0-1 Armed Forces
Sea View          1-2 Steve Biko

Final Table:

 1.Armed Forces             22  13  5  4  25-10  44  Champions
 2.Steve Biko               22   9  6  7  21-17  33
 3.Wallidan                 22   8  9  5  20-16  33
 4.Bakau United             22   7 10  5  22-16  31
 5.Hawks                    22   8  7  7  17-13  31
 6.GAMTEL                   22   8  7  7  17-16  31
 7.Samger                   22   8  7  7  16-17  31  [1]
 8.Real de Banjul           22   7  8  7  17-20  29
 9.Sea View                 22   7  5 10  17-20  26
10.Brikama United           22   6  8  8  25-29  26
---------------------------------------------------
11.Africell                 22   5  7 10  14-26  22  [2]  Relegated
12.Tallinding United        22   4  5 13  17-28  17  Relegated

[1] Samger aka Cherno Samba Academy
[2] on Apr 8 Africell-Sait Matty FC changed name to Africell FC




GFA Cup 2009
============

Preliminary Round [Jun 17]
NB: between top-4 of Regional GFA Division One League and
    bottom-4 of GFA League Division Two 
Serrakunda United       0-0 Waterman                [2-4 pen]
Lower Niumi             1-3 Young Africans
  [Assan Njuke; Samba Bah 42, Babucarr Bah 62pen, Cherno Choi]
Kaira Silo              1-2 Brikama Ba
  [Yankuba Darboe 44; Musa Kuyateh 27, 75pen]
Jambanjelly United      0-0 Upper Badibou           [5-4 pen]

NB: 4 winners join the top-6 of GFA League Division Two and 2
    teams that were relegated from Division One for first round

First Round 
NB: 6 matches; winners join top-10 Division One for 1/8 finals
[Jun 20]
Africell                2-1 GPA
  [Cherno Njie 35, Matarr Ceesay 70og; Peter Bonu Johnson 87]
Interior                0-0 Young Africans          [1-3 pen]
Serrakunda East         bt  Ham Ham
[Jun 21]
Lamin United            1-2 Tallinding United
Nema United             5-1 Waterman
  [Modou Gaye 4, 48, Alieu Jammeh 22, 29, Abdoulie Bah 69; 
  Colomba Agouron 55]
Brikama Ba              0-1 Jambanjelly United

1/8 Finals
[Jun 27]
Nema United             0-0 Tallinding United       [3-5 pen (also reported 4-5)]
Jambanjelly United      2-3 Samger
Bakau United            1-0 Real de Banjul
  [Jatta Baldeh 19]
Gamtel                  0-0 Hawks                   [4-1 pen (also reported 4-2)]
[Jun 28]
Sea View                0-1 Africell  
Serrakunda East         0-0 Wallidan                [5-6 pen]
Young Africans          1-0 Armed Forces
Brikama United          2-2 Steve Biko              [3-4 pen (also reported 2-4)]
  [Alhagie Bah 21, Buba Faye 67; Malamin Jammeh 57,
   Ousman Jarju 87]

Quarterfinals 
[Jul 4]
Tallinding United       1-1 Bakau United            [7-8 pen] 
Steve Biko              0-0 Africell                [3-4 pen]
[Jul 5]
Young Africans          2-0 Wallidan             
Samger                  1-2 Gamtel

Semifinals
[Jul 11, Brikama Box Bar Mini-Stadium]
Gamtel                  0-0 Bakau United            [4-2 pen]
[Jul 12, Serrekunda East Mini-Stadium]
Africell                0-0 Young Africans          [5-6 pen]

Final [Jul 19, Serekunda East Mini-Stadium]
Gamtel                  0-0 Young Africans          [1-3 pen]
  [penalties:
   Gamtel:
     scored: Lamin Manerah;
     missed: Musa Camara, Dodou Suso, Kabba Jobe;
   Young Africans:
     scored: Abdoulie Samba, Saliou Ceesay, Baboucarr Bah;
     missed: Kuwesy Mendy]

NB: no extra time played in tournament



Super Cup Final [Jan 3, 2010]
Armed Forces            1-1 Young Africans          [4-2 pen]
  [Buba Sama 74; Ousman Touray ~50]






Muhammed Yahya Jammeh's Perpetual Football Cup 2009

NB: formerly known as Zonal Football Championship

Group A
[Nov 21]
Bakau                   1-0 Gunjur
Serrekunda West         1-0 Sukuta
[Nov 24]
Bakau                   drw Sukuta
Serrekunda West         drw Gunjur
[Nov 30]
Bakau                   1-1 Serrekunda West
Gunjur                  -   Gunjur

Group B
[Nov 22]
Brikama                 2-0 Lamin
Serrekunda East         0-0 Banjul
[Nov 25]
Banjul                  bt  Lamin
Brikama                 0-4 Serrekunda East
[Dec 1]
Banjul                  1-1 Brikama
Serrekunda East         1-0 Lamin

Semifinals [Dec 5]
Serrekunda East         2-0 Serrekunda West
  [Buba Jallow 55, 58]
Bakau                   1-0 Banjul
  [Alasana Camara 5]

Third Place Match [Dec 9]
Banjul                   -  Serrekunda West

Final [Dec 13, at Serrekunda West mini-stadium]
Bakau                   abd Serrekunda East         [abandoned at 1-0 in 71']
  [Ousman Touray 30]




Second Level 2009


GFA League Division Two
=======================

Round 1
[Mar 6]
Serrekunda Utd  1-2 Nema Utd 
Kaira Silo      4-1 Jambanjelly
S/K East        3-2 Lamin United  
  [Modou L. Sallah 76pen, Yankuba Fatty 69, Assan Njie 67;
   Peter Bass, Hambang Conteh]
[Mar 7]
GPA             1-1 Interior
Ham Ham         0-1 Young Africans
  [Ousianou Ceesay 72]

Round 2
[Mar 12?]
Lamin Utd       3-0 Serrekunda Utd
Young Africans  1-0 Jambanjelly 
  [Yusupha Sarr 55]
[Mar 13]
Nema Utd        2-1 Ham Ham
  [Alieu Jammeh 1-0, Abdoulie Bah 80; Saikou Gibba 68]
S/K East        0-0 GPA    
Interior        1-0 Kaira Silo 

Round 3
[Mar 17]
Jambanjelly     1-0 Lamin Utd
Serrekunda Utd  0-1 S/K East  
Ham Ham         2-0 Kaira Silo
  [Ousman Sillah 47, Alieu Danso 76]
[Mar 20]
GPA             0-0 Young Africans
Nema Utd        0-2 Interior
  [Seedy Saidy 50, Modou Nyang 58pen]

Round 4
[Mar 24]
Interior        1-1 Young Africans
Lamin Utd       3-1 Nema Utd
Jambanjelly     0-1 Ham Ham        
  [Alagie Bega 78] 
[Mar 28]
GPA             0-0 Serrekunda Utd  
Kaira Silo      0-3 S/K East  

Round 5
[Mar 29]
Interior        1-0 Lamin Utd   
Nema Utd        2-1 Young Africans 
[Mar 31]
S/K East        1-1 Ham Ham
  [Assan Njie 24; Saikou Gibba 54]
Jambanjelly     0-2 GPA 
  [Hatab Badjie 20, Saloum Faal 44]
Kaira Silo      1-2 Serrekunda Utd 
  [Wakka Bass 45; Abdou Njie 74, Alieu Sowe 86] 

Round 6
[Apr 3]
Ham Ham         0-0 Interior
[Apr 4]
S/K East        2-0 Jambanjelly 
Young Africans  0-2 Serrekunda Utd    
[Apr 5]
GPA             4-2 Lamin Utd
Kaira Silo      1-1 Nema Utd

Table:

 1.S/K East                  6   4  2  0  10- 3  14
 2.Interior                  6   3  3  0   6- 2  12
---------------------------------------------------
 3.Gambia Ports Authority    6   2  4  0   7- 3  10
 4.Nema United               6   3  1  2   8- 9  10
 5.Ham Ham                   6   2  2  2   5- 4   8
 6.Young Africans            6   2  2  2   4- 5   8
 7.Serrekunda United         6   2  1  3   5- 7   7
 8.Lamin United              6   2  0  4  10-10   6
---------------------------------------------------
 9.Kaira Silo                6   1  1  4   6-10   4
10.Jambanjelly               6   1  0  5   2-10   3

Round 7
[Apr 7]
Jambanjelly     drw Serrekunda Utd  
S/K East        drw Interior
Lamin Utd       lt  Ham Ham
[Apr 8]
Nema Utd        lt  GPA 
Kaira Silo      0-2 Young Africans

Round 8
[Apr 11]
GPA             2-1 Ham Ham
Lamin Utd       1-0 Kaira Silo
[dates?]
S/K East        bt  Young Africans
Nema Utd        drw Jambanjelly 
[after Apr 15]
Interior        1-0 Serrekunda Utd  

Round 9
[Apr 14]
Serrekunda Utd  2-0 Ham Ham
GPA             1-2 Kaira Silo
[Apr 15]
S/K East        0-0 Nema Utd
Lamin Utd       1-1 Young Africans
Interior        2-1 Jambanjelly

Table:

 1.S/K East                  9   5  4  0    -    19
 2.Interior                  9   5  4  0    -    19
---------------------------------------------------
 3.Gambia Ports Authority    9   4  4  1    -    16
 4.Nema United               9   3  3  3    -    12
 5.Young Africans            9   3  3  3    -    12
 6.Serrekunda United         9   3  2  4    -    11
 7.Ham Ham                   9   3  2  4    -    11
 8.Lamin United              9   3  1  5    -    10
---------------------------------------------------
 9.Kaira Silo                9   2  1  6   8-14   7
10.Jambanjelly               9   1  2  6    -     5

Round 10 
[May 2]
Ham Ham         drw Jambanjelly
S/K East        bt  Kaira Silo
GPA             4-0 Serrekunda Utd 
[Jun 4]
Interior        0-1 Young Africans
[Jun 6]
Lamin Utd       2-1 Nema Utd

Round 11 
[May 7]
Lamin Utd       3-3 S/K East
Kaira Silo      2-1 Jambanjelly
[May 8]
Nema Utd        1-0 Serrekunda Utd    [0-1?]
Young Africans  bt  Ham Ham    
GPA             2-0 Interior 

Round 12
[May 12]
S/K East        drw GPA
Serrekunda Utd  drw Lamin Utd
Ham Ham         1-1 Nema Utd
Jambanjelly     0-0 Young Africans    [also reported 1-1]
[May 14]
Kaira Silo      lt  Interior

Round 13
[May 16]
GPA             2-2 Ham Ham
[May 17]
Lamin Utd       2-0 Kaira Silo
Jambanjelly     lt  Nema Utd 
Serrekunda Utd  drw Interior
[Jun 6]
S/K East        0-0 Young Africans 

Round 14
[May 19?]
GPA             2-1 Jambanjelly
Nema Utd        3-0 Young Africans
Ham Ham         1-1 S/K East      
[May 21]
Interior        bt  Lamin Utd
Kaira Silo      lt  Serrakunda Utd

Round 15
[May 23]
Nema Utd        1-1 S/K East   
[May 24]     
GPA             1-1 Kaira Silo
Ham Ham         2-0 Serrekunda Utd 
Lamin Utd       0-0 Young Africans
Interior        2-0 Jambanjelly 

Round 16
[May 27]
Lamin Utd       2-0 Jambanjelly
S/K East        1-0 Serrakunda Utd
Ham Ham         2-0 Kaira Silo
Young Africans  0-0 GPA 
[May 28]
Interior        drw Nema Utd  

Round 17
[May 30]
Serrekunda Utd  0-0 Jambanjelly 
Ham Ham         bt  Lamin Utd
Young Africans drw? Kaira Silo
[May 31]
Interior        1-1 S/K East   
GPA             3-2 Nema Utd 

Round 18
[Jun 10] 
Serrekunda Utd  1-0 Young Africans 
[Jun 11]
Lamin Utd       1-4 GPA
S/K East        2-0 Jambanjelly 
Interior        1-1 Ham Ham
Kaira Silo      lt? Nema Utd

Final Table:

 1.Gambia Ports Authority   18   9  8  1  30-    35  Promoted
 2.Interior                 18   9  8  1  19-    35  Promoted
---------------------------------------------------
 3.S/K East                 18   8 10  0  24- 8  34
 4.Ham Ham                  18              -    26
 5.Nema United              18              -    26
 6.Lamin United             18              -    23
 7.Serrekunda United        18   5  5  8    -    20
 8.Young Africans           18              -    17
---------------------------------------------------
 9.Kaira Silo               18            14-    13  Relegated
10.Jambanjelly              18            10-     9  Relegated




2008

2009/10

list of champions

list of cup winners


About this document

Prepared and maintained by José Batalha for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

Author: José Batalha (jose.batalha@netvisao.pt)
Last updated: 21 Jan 2010

(C) Copyright José Batalha and RSSSF 2009/10
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.