Argentina U-19/U-20 in South American Youth Cup


 
MN	Date		Venue		Stage		Rival		Res	Scorers
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
	U-19
	1954		VENEZUELA	Did not take part
	1958		CHILE		G5 W2 D2 L1 Gf16 Ga10 		[Runner-up]
1	15.03.1958	Santiago	Group Stage	Venezuela	6-1	R.Pérez, N.Raffo (2), E.Onega (2), O.Stelman
2	18.03.1958	Santiago	Group Stage	Peru		5-5	N.Raffo (2), E.Onega (2), R.Pérez
3	20.03.1958	Santiago	Group Stage	Uruguay		2-2	N.Raffo, F.Salvatti
4	23.03.1958	Santiago	Group Stage	Chile		3-1	R.Saporiti, O.Stelman, Maidana
5	27.03.1958	Santiago	Group Stage	Brazil 		0-1	
	1964		COLOMBIA	G6 W1 D2 L3 Gf4 Ga5 		[6th place]
6	12.01.1964	Cali		Group Stage	Paraguay	0-1	
7	15.01.1964	Cali		Group Stage	Chile		2-0	O.Mas (2)
8	19.01.1964	Cali		Group Stage	Uruguay		0-1	
9	22.01.1964	Barranquilla	Group Stage	Venezuela	0-0	
10	26.01.1964	Bogotá		Group Stage	Colombia	1-2	J.Plá
11	02.02.1964	Cali		Group Stage	Peru		1-1	O.Mas  
	1967		PARAGUAY	G6 W2 D3 L1 Gf9 Ga7		[Champion]
12	07.03.1967	Asunción	Group Stage	Colombia	1-1	C.García Cambón
13	12.03.1967	Asunción	Group Stage	Paraguay	1-3	C.García Cambón
14	19.03.1967	Asunción	Group Stage	Venezuela	3-1	A.García Ameijenda, J.M.Martínez, A.Cibeyra
15	22.03.1967	Asunción	Playoff		Colombia	0-0[*]	
16	26.03.1967	Asunción	Semifinals	Brazil 		2-0	J.M.Martínez, C.García Cambón
17	29.03.1967	Asunción	Final		Paraguay	2-2[**]	J.Pasternak, M.Riccardi
	1971		PARAGUAY	G5 W3 D0 L2 Gf7 Ga3		[3rd place]
18	01.03.1971	Asunción	Group Stage	Peru		1-0	H.Abdala
19	07.03.1971	Asunción	Group Stage	Colombia	4-0	O.Grippo, A.Romero, H.Carra, M.González
20	14.03.1971	Asunción	Group Stage	Brazil 		1-0	M.González
21	17.03.1971	Asunción	Group Stage	Venezuela	0-1	
22	22.03.1971	Asunción	Semifinals	Uruguay		1-2	O.Potente
	1974		CHILE		G4 W1 D2 L1 Gf3 Ga4		[4th place]
23	08.03.1974	Arica		Group Stage	Ecuador		1-0	R.Cofone
24	10.03.1974	Arica		Group Stage	Paraguay	1-1	R.Cofone
25	17.03.1974	Arica		Group Stage	Peru		1-1	D.Bertoni
26	22.03.1974	Santiago	Semifinals	Brazil 		0-2	
	1975		PERU		G5 W2 D2 L1 Gf7 Ga6		[3rd place]
27	10.08.1975	Lima		Group Stage	Uruguay		1-1	Sánchez Sotelo
28	13.08.1975	Lima		Group Stage	Chile		0-3	
29	16.08.1975	Lima		Group Stage	Brazil 		2-1	S.Fortunato, C.Britez
30	19.08.1975	Lima		Group Stage	Bolivia		3-0	H.Fernández, S.Fortunato, C.Britez
31	22.08.1975	Lima		Group Stage	Peru		1-1	C.Salinas
	U-20
	1977		VENEZUELA	G4 W0 D2 L2 Gf3 Ga5		[6th place]
32	16.04.1977	Valencia	Group Stage	Uruguay		1-1	D.Maradona
33	18.04.1977	Valencia	Group Stage	Paraguay	1-2	Fusani
34	21.04.1977	Valencia	Group Stage	Peru		1-2	D.Maradona
35	24.04.1977	Valencia	Group Stage	Venezuela	0-0	
	1979		URUGUAY		G6 W3 D2 L1 Gf10 Ga1		[Runner-up]
36	13.01.1979	Montevideo	Group Stage	Peru		4-0	H.Alves (2), D.Maradona, R.Díaz
37	18.01.1979	Montevideo	Group Stage	Ecuador		5-0	R.Díaz (3), O.Escudero (2)
38	22.01.1979	Montevideo	Group Stage	Uruguay		0-1	
39	25.01.1979	Montevideo	Final Stage	Paraguay	0-0	
40	28.01.1979	Montevideo	Final Stage	Uruguay		0-0	
41	31.01.1979	Montevideo	Final Stage	Brazil 		1-0	H.Alves  
	1981		ECUADOR		G6 W3 D1 L2 Gf11 Ga12		[3rd place]
42	15.02.1981	Guayaquil	Group Stage	Chile		3-1	S.Espíndola, J.Cecchi, C.Tapia
43	20.02.1981	Guayaquil	Group Stage	Venezuela	3-0	S.Espíndola, O.Rinaldi, O.Ruggeri
44	26.02.1981	Guayaquil	Group Stage	Brazil 		1-1	O.Rinaldi
45	01.03.1981	Guayaquil	Final Stage	Bolivia		3-1	C.Tapia, S.Espíndola, Mercado og
46	05.03.1981	Guayaquil	Final Stage	Brazil 		0-4	
47	08.03.1981	Quito		Final Stage	Uruguay		1-5	S.Espíndola
	1983		BOLIVIA		G7 W5 D1 L1 Gf17 Ga10		[3rd place]
48	22.01.1983	Cochabamba	Group Stage	Peru		2-0	Casanova og, F.Basualdo
49	25.01.1983	Cochabamba	Group Stage	Paraguay	2-0	R.Zárate, J.Gabrich
50	28.01.1983	Cochabamba	Group Stage	Venezuela	2-1	R.Zárate, G.Dezotti
51	02.02.1983	Cochabamba	Group Stage	Bolivia		3-1	C.García, H.Enrique, J.Gaona
52	06.02.1983	La Paz		Final Stage	Uruguay		3-3	G.Dezotti, J.Percudani, Acosta
53	09.02.1983	La Paz		Final Stage	Bolivia		3-2	C.García, J.Gabrich (2)
54	13.02.1983	La Paz		Final Stage	Brazil 		2-3	M.Capocetti, R.Zárate
	1985		PARAGUAY	G4 W1 D2 L1 Gf5 Ga3		[5th place]
55	09.01.1985	Asunción	Group Stage	Chile		0-0	
56	14.01.1985	Asunción	Group Stage	Colombia	1-1	R.Herrera  
57	19.01.1985	Asunción	Group Stage	Bolivia		3-0	R.Herrera (3)
58	22.01.1985	Asunción	Group Stage	Brazil 		1-2	N.Lorenzo
	1987		COLOMBIA	G6 W3 D1 L2 Gf9 Ga9		[3rd place]
59	24.01.1987	Armenia		Group Stage	Peru		3-2	H.Maradona, ?, ?  
60	26.01.1987	Pereira		Group Stage	Ecuador		0-0	
61	30.01.1987	Armenia		Group Stage	Brazil 		1-0	A.Russo
62	04.02.1987	Pereira		Final Stage	Colombia	0-2	
63	06.02.1987	Armenia		Final Stage	Brazil 		1-3	?
64	08.02.1987	Pereira		Final Stage	Uruguay		4-2	H.Maradona, A.Russo, M.Airez, Umpiérrez og
	1988		ARGENTINA	G8 W6 D0 L2 Gf13 Ga5		[3rd place]
65	02.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Group Stage	Venezuela	1-0	D.Scotto
66	04.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Group Stage	Israel		2-0	D.Hernández, D.Simeone
67	06.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Group Stage	Chile		3-1	D.Scotto, C.Ubeda, D.Simeone
68	10.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Group Stage	Peru		2-0	R.Solves (2)
69	12.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Group Stage	Paraguay	2-0	H.Biazotti, C.Trapasso
70	16.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Final Stage	Brazil 		1-2	D.Scotto
71	19.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Final Stage	Paraguay	0-1	
72	22.05.1988	Buenos Aires	Final Stage	Colombia	2-1	D.Simeone, H.Biazotti
	1991		VENEZUELA	G7 W3 D3 L1 Gf12 Ga10		[Runner-up]
73	02.02.1991	San Cristóbal	Group Stage	Chile		3-2	J.E.Esnaider (3)
74	06.02.1991	San Cristóbal	Group Stage	Brazil 		1-1	J.E.Esnaider
75	08.02.1991	San Cristóbal	Group Stage	Colombia	2-3	R.Molina, J.E.Esnaider
76	10.02.1991	San Cristóbal	Group Stage	Bolivia		1-0	?
77	13.02.1991	Puerto Ordaz	Final Stage	Paraguay	3-2	J.E.Esnaider (2), R.Mogrovejo
78	15.02.1991	Puerto Ordaz	Final Stage	Brazil 		1-1	R.Mogrovejo
79	17.02.1991	Puerto Ordaz	Final Stage	Uruguay		1-1	R.Mogrovejo
	1992		COLOMBIA	Banned by FIFA
	1995		BOLIVIA		G7 W5 D1 L1 Gf10 Ga3		[Runner-up]
80	10.01.1995	La Paz		Group Stage	Peru		2-0	L.Biagini, A.Ibagaza
81	12.01.1995	La Paz		Group Stage	Ecuador		1-0	L.Biagini  
82	14.01.1995	La Paz		Group Stage	Venezuela	2-0	L.Biagini, F.Guerrero
83	18.01.1995	La Paz		Group Stage	Bolivia		0-0	
84	22.01.1995	Santa Cruz	Final Stage	Chile		3-1	S.Pena, L.Biagini, C.Arangio
85	25.01.1995	Santa Cruz	Final Stage	Ecuador		2-0	L.Biagini, A.Grande
86	29.01.1995	Santa Cruz	Final Stage	Brazil 		0-2	
	1997		CHILE		G9 W5 D3 L1 Gf18 Ga7		[Champion]
87	17.01.1997	La Serena	Group Stage	Paraguay	5-2	B.Romeo (2), P.Aimar, J.R.Riquelme (2)
88	19.01.1997	Coquimbo	Group Stage	Colombia	1-1	P.Aimar
89	22.01.1997	La Serena	Group Stage	Bolivia		2-1	P.Aimar, J,J,Serrizuela
90	26.01.1997	Coquimbo	Group Stage	Uruguay		0-1	
91	27.01.1997	Coquimbo	Final Stage	Venezuela	3-0	D.Quintana, P.Aimar, B.Romeo
92	30.01.1997	Coquimbo	Final Stage	Uruguay		1-1	W.Samuel
93	02.02.1997	La Serena	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-0	J.R.Riquelme, W.Samuel
94	05.02.1997	Coquimbo	Final Stage	Chile		3-0	B.Romeo, J.R.Riquelme, S.Peralta
95	08.02.1997	La Serena	Final Stage	Paraguay	1-1	D.Placente
	1999		ARGENTINA	G9 W8 D0 L1 Gf21 Ga3		[Champion]
96	05.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Group Stage	Venezuela	4-1	A.Duscher, E.Farías, L.Galletti, P.Aimar
97	07.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Group Stage	Ecuador		2-0	L.Galletti (2)
98	11.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Group Stage	Peru		2-0	P.Aimar, D.Montenegro
99	13.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Group Stage	Chile		4-0	F.Crosa, L.Galletti (2), A.Duscher
100	17.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Final Stage	Uruguay		0-1	
101	19.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Final Stage	Peru		5-0	G.Rivarola (2), L.Galletti (2), E.Cambiasso
102	21.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-1	L.Galletii, E.Farías
103	23.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Final Stage	Chile		1-0	D.Montenegro
104	25.01.1999	Mar del Plata	Final Stage	Paraguay	1-0	L.Galletti  
	2001		ECUADOR		G9 W5 D3 L1 Gf13 Ga6		[Runner-up]
105	14.01.2001	Cuenca		Group Stage	Bolivia		2-0	A.Domínguez, Rivero
106	16.01.2001	Cuenca		Group Stage	Colombia	4-1	M.Lequi, C.Giménez, J.Arca, A.Domínguez
107	18.01.2001	Cuenca		Group Stage	Chile		1-0	J.Arca
108	22.01.2001	Cuenca		Group Stage	Uruguay		1-1	A.Domínguez  
109	24.01.2001	Machala		Final Stage	Ecuador		1-0	N.Burdisso
110	26.01.2001	Guayaquil	Final Stage	Chile		2-2	M.Rosales, Reyes og
111	28.01.2001	Portoviejo	Final Stage	Brazil 		0-1	
112	31.01.2001	Guayaquil	Final Stage	Colombia	1-0	A.Domínguez
113	04.02.2001	Guayaquil	Final Stage	Paraguay	1-1	A.Domínguez
	2003		URUGUAY		G9 W6 D2 L1 Gf15 Ga5		[Champion]
114	06.01.2003	Colonia		Group Stage	Colombia	2-1	F.Cavenaghi (2)
115	08.01.2003	Colonia		Group Stage	Chile		1-0	F.Cavenaghi  
116	10.01.2003	Colonia		Group Stage	Venezuela	0-1	
117	14.01.2003	Colonia		Group Stage	Paraguay	4-1	E.Rivas, F.Cavenaghi (2), G.Rodríguez
118	16.01.2003	Montevideo	Final Stage	Uruguay		1-1	L.Pisculichi
119	20.01.2003	Maldonado	Final Stage	Ecuador		4-0	E.Rivas, P.Zabaleta, F.Cavenaghi (2)
120	23.01.2003	Maldonado	Final Stage	Brazil 		1-0	M.Carrusca
121	25.01.2003	Maldonado	Final Stage	Paraguay	1-1	J.Pinola
122	28.01.2003	Maldonado	Final Stage	Colombia	1-0	F.Cavenaghi
	2005		COLOMBIA	G9 W5 D4 L0 Gf19 Ga4		[3rd place]
123	13.01.2005	Armenia		Group Stage	Venezuela	3-0	R.González og, L.Messi, P.Barrientos
124	15.01.2005	Manizales	Group Stage	Bolivia		4-0	P.Barrientos, L.Messi (2), M.Boselli
125	17.01.2005	Manizales	Group Stage	Peru		6-0	E.Garay (2), P.Barrientos, D.Abraham, L.Messi, J.Sosa
126	21.01.2005	Manizales	Group Stage	Colombia	1-1	H.Peirone
127	25.01.2005	Armenia		Final Stage	Venezuela	1-0	J.L.Granados og
128	27.01.2005	Manizales	Final Stage	Chile		1-1	E.Lavezzi
129	29.01.2005	Pereira		Final Stage	Uruguay		0-0	
130	02.02.2005	Armenia		Final Stage	Colombia	1-1	E.Garay  
131	05.02.2005	Manizales	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-1	P.Zabaleta, L.Messi
	2007		PARAGUAY	G9 W3 D5 L1 Gf15 Ga8		[Runner-up]
132	08.01.2007	Ciudad del Este	Group Stage	Ecuador		1-1	G.Abán
133	10.01.2007	Ciudad del Este	Group Stage	Colombia	1-2	F.Fazio
134	14.01.2007	Ciudad del Este	Group Stage	Venezuela	6-0	P.Mouche (3), M.Moralez, I.Sosa, F.Di Santo
135	16.01.2007	Ciudad del Este	Group Stage	Uruguay		3-3	A.Di María (2), I.Sosa
136	19.01.2007	Asunción	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-2	I.Sosa, M.Cahais
137	21.01.2007	Luque		Final Stage	Paraguay	1-0	M.Cahais
138	23.01.2007	Asunción	Final Stage	Chile		0-0	
139	25.01.2007	Asunción	Final Stage	Colombia	0-0	
140	28.01.2007	Asunción	Final Stage	Uruguay		1-0	L.Acosta
	2009		VENEZUELA	G9 W1 D5 L3 Gf10 Ga13		[6th place]
141	19.01.2009	Maturín		Group Stage	Venezuela	1-1	E.Salvio
142	23.01.2009	Maturín		Group Stage	Peru		2-1	J.Cristaldo, E.Salvio
143	25.01.2009	Maturín		Group Stage	Colombia	2-2	L.Velázquez, E.Salvio
144	27.01.2009	Maturín		Group Stage	Ecuador		2-2	C.Gaitán, I.Bella
145	31.01.2009	Puerto Ordaz	Final Stage	Paraguay	1-1	J.Cristaldo  
146	02.02.2009	Maturín		Final Stage	Brazil 		0-2	
147	04.02.2009	Puerto La Cruz	Final Stage	Uruguay		1-2	E.Salvio
148	06.02.2009	Puerto La Cruz	Final Stage	Venezuela	1-1	M.Benítez
149	08.02.2009	Puerto La Cruz	Final Stage	Colombia	0-1	
	2011		PERU		G9 W6 D1 L2 Gf15 Ga9		[3rd place]
150	16.11.2011	Arequipa	Group Stage	Uruguay		2-1	M.Hoyos, J.Iturbe
151	19.01.2011	Arequipa	Group Stage	Peru		2-1	R.Funes Mori, B.Zuculini
152	22.01.2011	Arequipa	Group Stage	Venezuela	1-1	S.Araujo
153	24.01.2011	Arequipa	Group Stage	Chile		3-1	F.Ferreyra (2), C.Mosca
154	31.01.2011	Arequipa	Final Stage	Ecuador		0-1	
155	03.02.2011	Arequipa	Final Stage	Chile		3-2	F.Ferreyra, J.Iturbe, N.Tagliafico
156	06.02.2011	Arequipa	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-1	R.Funes Mori, J.Iturbe
157	09.02.2011	Arequipa	Final Stage	Uruguay		0-1	
158	12.02.2011	Arequipa	Final Stage	Colombia	2-0	F.Ferreyra, B.Zuculini
	2013		ARGENTINA	G4 W1 D1 L2 Gf6 Ga7		[7th place]
159	09.01.2013	Mendoza		Group Stage	Chile		0-1	
160	11.01.2013	Mendoza		Group Stage	Paraguay	1-2	L.Vietto
161	13.01.2013	Mendoza		Group Stage	Bolivia		2-2	L.Melano, L.Vietto
162	17.01.2013	Mendoza		Group Stage	Colombia	3-2	A.Ruiz, J.Iturbe, A.Allione
	2015		URUGUAY		G9 W7 D1 L1 Gf24 Ga7		[Champion]
163	14.01.2015	Colonia		Group Stage	Ecuador		5-2	G.Simeone (2), A.Correa, T.Martínez, F.Monteseirín
164	16.01.2015	Colonia		Group Stage	Paraguay	0-1	
165	18.01.2015	Colonia		Group Stage	Peru		6-2	Prieto og, Bernaola og, A.Correa, G.Simeone (2), L.Suárez
166	22.01.2015	Colonia		Group Stage	Bolivia		3-0	G.Simeone (2), F.Cardozo
167	26.01.2015	Montevideo	Final Stage	Peru		2-0	G.Simeone, A.Correa
168	29.01.2015	Montevideo	Final Stage	Colombia	1-1	L.Compagnucci
169	01.02.2015	Montevideo	Final Stage	Brazil 		2-0	M.Rolón, R.Contreras
170	04.02.2015	Montevideo	Final Stage	Paraguay	3-0	G.Simeone (2), M.Rolón
171	07.02.2015	Montevideo	Final Stage	Uruguay		2-1	S.Driussi, A.Correa
	2017		ECUADOR		G9 W3 D4 L2 Gf15 Ga14		[4th place]
172	19.01.2017	Ibarra		Group Stage	Peru		1-1	L.Martínez
173	21.01.2017	Ibarra		Group Stage	Uruguay		3-3	L.Torres (2), Rogel og
174	23.01.2017	Ibarra		Group Stage	Bolivia		5-1	L.Torres (2), B.Mansilla, T.Conechny, L.Rodríguez
175	27.01.2017	Ibarra		Group Stage	Venezuela	0-0	
176	30.01.2017	Quito		Final Stage	Uruguay		0-3	
177	02.02.2017	Quito		Final Stage	Colombia	2-1	L.Torres, L.Martínez
178	05.02.2017	Quito		Final Stage	Ecuador		0-3	
179	08.02.2017	Quito		Final Stage	Brazil 		2-2	B.Mansilla, L.Martínez
180	11.02.2017	Quito		Final Stage	Venezuela	2-0	L.Martínez (2)
	2019		CHILE		G9 W5 D1 L3 Gf10 Ga6		[Runner-up]
181	20.01.2019	Curicó		Group Stage	Paraguay	1-1	M.Romero
182	22.01.2019	Talca		Group Stage	Ecuador		0-1	
183	24.01.2019	Curicó		Group Stage	Uruguay		1-0	G.Maroni
184	26.01.2019	Talca		Group Stage	Peru		1-0	M.Romero
185	29.01.2019	Rancagua	Final Stage	Ecuador		1-2	T.Almada
186	01.02.2019	Rancagua	Final Stage	Colombia	1-0	J.Alvarez
187	04.02.2019	Rancagua	Final Stage	Venezuela	3-0	A.Gaich (3)
188	07.02.2019	Rancagua	Final Stage	Uruguay		2-1	A.Moreno, G.Maroni
189	10.02.2019	Rancagua	Final Stage	Brazil 		0-1	
	2021 		cancelled due to Covid-19 pandemic
	2023		COLOMBIA	G4 W1 D0 L3 Gf3 Ga6		[8th place]
190	21.01.2023	Cali		Group Stage	Paraguay	1-2	M.Perrone
191	23.01.2023	Cali		Group Stage	Brazil 		1-3	M.González
192	25.01.2023	Cali		Group Stage	Peru		1-0	G.Infantino
193	27.01.2023	Cali		Group Stage	Colombia	0-1	
	2025		VENEZUELA	G9 W5 D3 L1 Gf18 Ga9		[Runner-up]
194	24.01.2025	Valencia	Group Stage	Brazil 		6-0	I.Subiabre, C.Echeverri (2), Igor Serrote og, A.Ruberto, S.Hidalgo
195	26.01.2025	Valencia	Group Stage	Colombia	1-1	C.Echeverri
196	28.01.2025	Valencia	Group Stage	Bolivia		1-0	T.Rodríguez
197	01.02.2025	Barquisimeto	Group Stage	Ecuador		0-0	
198	04.02.2025	Caracas		Final Stage	Chile		2-1	I.Subiabre, A.Ruberto
199	07.02.2025	Caracas		Final Stage	Uruguay		4-3	C.Echeverri (2), M.Carrizo (2)
200	10.02.2025	Caracas		Final Stage	Colombia	1-0	I.Subiabre
201	13.02.2025	Caracas		Final Stage	Brazil 		1-1	C.Echeverri
202	16.02.2025	Puerto La Cruz	Final Stage	Paraguay	2-3	M.Carrizo (2)
 
 
.Note:  [*]Argentina beat Colombia by lot.
	[**]Argentina beat Paraguay by lot.
 
 
 
 
 
 
		  Pts   MP   W    D    L   Gf   Ga
 	         -----------------------------------
Overall Record	  360  202 101   57   44  338  197
 
By rivals:    
	          Pts   MP   W    D    L   Gf   Ga
	         -----------------------------------
Peru		   50	21  15	  5    1   51	17
Chile		   46	20  14	  4    2   38	17
Venezuela	   45	21  13	  6    2   42    9
Colombia	   43	27  11	 10    6   36	26
Brazil 		   42	30  12	  6   12   38	38
Bolivia		   38	14  12	  2    0   35	 8
Uruguay		   33	28   7	 12    9   36	42
Paraguay	   32	24   8	  8    8   35	28
Ecuador		   28	16   8	  4    4   25	12
Israel		    3	 1   1	  0    0    2	 0
 

About this document

Prepared and maintained by Pablo Ciullini for the Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

Author: Pablo Ciullini (P_A_Ciullini@hotmail.com)
Last updated: 6 Nov 2025

(C) Copyright Pablo Ciullini and RSSSF 2025
You are free to copy this document in whole or part provided that proper acknowledgement is given to the author. All rights reserved.